فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 62 (تابستان 1401)

Arid and semiarid climate in many parts of Iran dictates the employment of agronomic practices. With this approach, a statistical experiment was set up in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The experiment took place in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Experimental treatments scheduled on three planting dates: (21st April, 11th May and 31th May) and four irrigation regimes: I100: 100%ETc, I80: 80%ETc, I60: 60%ETc and I40: 40%ETc, based on plant water need. The highest value of water productivity of economical yield (1.19 kg.m-3) and the greatest value of water productivity of biological yield (1.03 kg.m-3) obtained in early-planting date in both years, respectively. Path analysis showed that ear weight with direct effect (1.27) and water productivity of biological yield (0.973), positively contributed to the final yield determination under irrigation regimes I100 and I60, respectively. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the variables such as grain yield, ear weight, biological yield, total number of grain, kernel weight and harvest index as agronomic traits in PC1 and water productivity of economical yield and biological yield as physiological traits in PC2 were accounted for 70% of the final yield variations in total. Due to interactions of planting date and irrigation level on the grain yield (p ≤ 0.01), early planting of grain maize and deficit irrigation management as early season strategies will have great potential to achieve optimal yield and higher water productivity by mitigating early abiotic factors.

In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics in Withania coagulans L. landraces, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications was setup. The experiment included various irrigation regimes (control), (medium stress), (severe stress), four landraces (Fanuj, Khash, Saravan and Sarbaz), with and without foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. The experiment was conducted in green house of the faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, during 2018-2019. The highest leaf area (538.92 cm2) was related to Sarbaz in control irrigation and the lowest leaf area (245.88 cm2) was related to Khash in severe water deficit stress. Based on the comparison results, the mean of maximum plant dry weight (1.76 g) was related to Sarbaz and control irrigation and the lowest plant dry weight (0.63 g) was related to Fanuj and severe water deficit stress. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (2.55 μmol.g-1) was related to Khash, control irrigation and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. The highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.26 μmol.g-1) was related to Fanuj, control irrigation and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles, which was not significantly different from other landraces. Also, the lowest amount of chlorophyll b (0.62 μmol.g-1) was related to Khash, severe water deficit stress and without foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. Sarbaz had the highest amount of anthocyanin (0.3 μmol.g-1) in the treatment of severe water deficit stress and lack of foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles, which was not significantly different from Saravan. Also, the lowest amount of anthocyanin (0.146 μmol.g-1) was related to Fanuj in the treatment of severe water deficit stress with foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. Severe water deficit stress reduced the amount of traits tested. Also, the Sarbaz showed good tolerance to water deficit stress conditions compared to other landraces. The foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles also improved plant growth and increased some of the tested traits under stress conditions.

In order to evaluate methods of reduce water consumption under the conditions of drought stress in the cultivation of pinto beans, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Salmas city, during of 2018. The main plot irrigation disruption at 3 levels (optimum irrigation, irrigation disruption at the end of flowering stage, irrigation disruption at the end of poding stage) and methods of reduce water consumption as the sub-factor in 5 levels including (control, use of superabsorbent, use of mycorrhiza fungi, use of nano-potassium fertilizer and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide) were considered. The results showed that the effect of irrigation disruption and water consumption reduction methods on yield, yield components, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll and proline content was significant. Also, the interaction of irrigation interruption factors and methods of reducing water consumption on grain yield, water use efficiency and proline was significant. Although the highest grain yield of 2133.24 kg.ha-1 was related to the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation with the use of superabsorbent polymer, but also it was observed that the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation without the use of water reduction methods by 1627.21 kg.ha-1 with experimental treatment of irrigation disruption from the end of poding stage with the use of superabsorbent at the rate of 1564.3 kg.ha-1 showed a yield increase of about 3.87% which was not statistically significant and this indicates a saving in water consumption using super absorbent. Also, in the experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage using mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the optimum irrigation treatment, grain yield decreased by 12.3%, which indicates the greater effect of superabsorbent in preventing the reduction of grain yield compared to mycorrhizal fungus in conditions of drought stress. Also, the results showed that the water use efficiency in the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation compared to experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage with the use of superabsorbent Decreased about 19%, which indicates an increase in water use efficiency under drought stress using superabsorbent materials.

In order to study the responses of chickpea genotypes and super absorbent application under supplemental irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted base on split-split- plot randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Station of Sarab Changaei, Khorramabad. Suplimental irrigation (rainfed, suplimental irrigation at 50% flowering and supplemental irrigation at 50% flowering+ 50% poding) in the main plots, super absorbent polymer in subplot and cultivars (Arman, Azad, Hashem, Adel and ILC482) the sub-subplots were located. The highest grain yield and protein yield were obtained in supplementary irrigation in two stages (50% flowering + 50% poding) with super absorbent application, by avrege of 3890 and 870 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were 24% and 21% higher than control, respectively. The highest leaf greenness (39.22), pods per plant (22.1), seed weight (52.4) and biological yield (5413.5) were related to two-stage irrigation. The highest number of pods per plant (27.7) was observed in Hashem cultivar and superabsorbent application, which was 34% more than non- super absorbent in same cultivar. Results of genotype× super absorbent showed that the highest grain yield (4159 kg.ha-1), grain nitrogen percentage (3.69) and protein yield (960 kg.ha-1) were obtained under super absorbent and Adel cultivar conditions. Based on the results, application of supera bsorbent increased grain yield and protein yield of chickpea genotype in rain-fed conditions. By improving physiological traits, associated with drought tolerance, the use of supplemental irrigation method in areas that make this possible, especially if combined with the application of super absorbent polymers, can increase seed yield in chickpea.

One of the important environment pollutants can cited to element lead (Pb) that effected on absorption of nutrients in plants. This investigation was conducted in order study effect zeolite and Mycorrhiza on quality and quantity soyben plant on soil polluted with Pb in greenhouse Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan. The experiment was carried basic factorial in from to random completly design with three repeat. Treatments were incloud; Mycorrhiza fungus in two level (control and application Mycorrhiza) and zeolite in three level (0, 5% and 10% W/W). Soil’s all plots were polluted with concentration 200 mg/kg Pb (NO3)2. Result this investigation indicued, exept height plant, number grain per pod, number pod per plant and number of branches that influenced by main effect Mycorrhiza and zeolite, in other traits intraction was significant. Application zeolite 10% with Mycorrhiza resulted improve LAI (84%), catalase (150%), superoxide dismutase (220%), 1000 grain-weight (51%), grain yield (94%), biological yield (51%) and harvest index (34%) and decreased accumulation of lead in root (43%) and shoot (44%), TF(75%) and BCF in root (43%) and shoot (43%). Heighest grain yield (3609 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9026 kg.ha-1) was obtained from use Simultaneous zeolite 10% and Mycorrhiza. Overall application Mycorrhiza and zeolite in addition to decline effects heavy metals in the soil and improve quantitative and qualitative yield of the product can be effective in phytoremediation of heavy metals.

In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on maintaining the stability and fertility of agricultural production systems. One of the ways to increase stability is to create diversity through the use of multi-culture systems. In order to investigate the yield of Canola and Chickpeas in different cultivation ratios with different types and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in Fasa region, an experiment was performed on 2018-2019 as factorial in complete randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of Dastjeh, Fasa region. Factors included the ratio of planting peas and canola in 5 levels: 0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25 and 100-0, respectively, pea-canola and type and the amount of nitrogen fertilizers at 6 levels including urea 140 kg.ha-1 urea 120 kg ha-1, urea 100 kg ha-1, ammonium sulfate 140 kg.ha-1, ammonium sulfate 120 kg.ha-1, sulfate Ammonium 100 kg.ha1. The results showed that different planting ratios had a significant effect on canola and pea yield. Increasing the ratio of chickpeas in mixed with canola and rapeseed in mixed with chickpea cultivation significantly reduced their yield compared to their net cultivation. The highest yield of canola and chickpeas with 2240.1 kg.ha-1 and 2155.75 kg.ha-1 in net cultivation of canola and chickpeas and the lowest yield of rapeseed and chickpeas with the average of 1548.06 and 1187.3 kg.ha-1, respectively, were obtained in Planting ratios of 25-75 and 75-25 (canola-chickpeas). Comparing ammonium sulfate and urea to increase canola yield, the results showed that ammonium sulfate increased canola yield more than urea. The ratio of land equivalent ratio (LER) in all mixed planting ratios under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer increased compared to a single cropping (LER> 1).

In order to investigate the response of rapeseed to the application method of nitrogen fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2015-2016 crop season. The first factor was two canola cultivars (Hayola 401 and RGS003) and the second factor was four application method of nitrogen fertilizer treatment as F1: three stages fertilization in soil used, F2: three stages foliar spraying application, F3: four stages of fertilization in soil used and F4: four stages of fertilization as foliar spraying. The results showed that the highest plant height was obtained by applying F3 treatment with 144.8 and 161 cm per plant in the second and third sampling, respectively. The highest leaf dry weight and leaf area was obtain by application F3 treatment in all sampling stages. The same trend was observed for the dry weight of lateral branches, so that in the third stage of sampling, the highest dry weight of lateral branches with 59.4 g.plant-1 was obtained by consuming of F3 treatment. The highest biomass and grain yield were obtained from F3 treatment with 1029 g.m-2 and 332 g.m-2 respectively. The highest number of pod (145 pod per plant), biomass (1105 g.m-2), oil yield (121 g.m-2) and seed yield (358 g.m-2) was obtain from application F3 in Hayola 401 cultivar. In general, the results showed that all morphological and yield indices of the plant were obtained from application of nitrogen fertilizer in four stages at the soil used that Hayola 401 cultivar showed more positive response to this used method of fertilization.

In order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatment at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin and wheat cultivars (Arg and Omidbakhsh). Tillage systems were effective on the studied traits and that the highest amount of chlorophyll (5.18 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area index (3.78) were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage, respectively. The highest grain protein content (170.7%), grain yield (668.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.51%) were obtained in minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 fertilizer + nitrapyrin. Application of urea + nitrapyrin increased grain protein, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Both Arg and Omidbakhsh cultivars obtained the highest plant height (102.16 and 104.66 cm, respectively) and leaf area index (3.88 and 3.98, respectively) in 150 kg urea ha-1 treatment. The three-way interactions of tillage, fertilizer and cultivar also had a significant effect on leaf dry weight, grain yield and biological yield. In minimal tillage, Omidbakhsh cultivar in 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin fertilizer treatment showed better grain yield and biological yield than other treatments. According to the obtained results, in minimal plowing conditions, Omidbakhsh cultivar and application of urea + nitrapyrin is recommended.